儔儘奓捤孮偺敪孈挷嵏偲偦偺擭戙

彫愳塸暥寢瀶O崙岅戝妛t傿儕僺儞岅

儔儘奓捤孮挷嵏偺栚揑
丂僼傿儕僺儞偵偍偄偰峫屆妛挷嵏傪摑妵偡傞崙棫攷暔娰峫屆妛晹栧偼70擭戙屻敿偐傜丄儖僜儞搰杒搶晹僇僈儎儞壨搶娸偺儁僯儍僽儔儞僇抧嬫堦懷偵峀偑傞愇奃娾戜抧偵偍偗傞摯寠丒娾堿丒奐抧堚愓偺憤崌揑挷嵏僾儘僕僃僋僩傪奐巒偟丄尰嵼傑偱偺挷嵏偵傛偭偰攳曅愇婍暥壔偲搚婍偺弌尰偲偺娭學傗條乆側僶儕僄乕僔儑儞傪帩偮曟惂摍丄摉奩抧堟偺愭巎暥壔偺條憡偑慛柧偵側偭偰偒偨乮Ronquillo and Santiago 1977, Ronquillo 1980乯丅偙偆偟偨僼傿儕僺儞崙棫攷暔娰偵傛傞挷嵏偺曽岦惈偵屇墳偟偰丄奜恖尋媶幰偵傛傞挷嵏傕摉奩抧堟偱妶敪偵峴側傢傟偰偒偨乮Thiel 1980, 1989, 1990, Snow and Shutler 1985, 惵桍1977,1979, Aoyagi 1983乯丅

僇僈儎儞壨壓棳堟偵50km偵傢偨偭偰暘晍偡傞儔儘奓捤孮偺挷嵏偼丄80擭戙屻敿偐傜僼傿儕僺儞崙棫攷暔娰偲擔杮恖尋媶幰偲偺嫟摨挷嵏偲偄偆偐偨偪偱奐巒偝傟偨丅80擭戙偺廔傢傝傑偱偵壨娸抜媢忋偺奓捤堚愓偺暘晍挷嵏傗帋孈挷嵏偑幚巤偝傟偨偑乮惵桍丒揷拞1985, 惵桍丒Aguilera丒彫愳丒揷拞 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, Cabanilla 1972, Ogawa and Aguilera 1992, Orogo1980乯丄90擭戙偐傜偼挷嵏抧堟傪壨娸偐傜媢椝抧堟偵峀偘側偑傜丄摯寠堚愓偺挷嵏傕奓捤偲暪峴偟偰幚巤偟偰偄傞( Bautista 1996-1997, de la Torre 1995-2000, Garong 1996a, b, Ogawa 1996-2000, Orogo 1995, Tanaka 1996-2000, 旙愹1999)丅

丂儔儘奓捤孮挷嵏偺栚揑偼丄

侾乯奓捤偺憌埵妛揑敪孈偵傛偭偰摼傜傟偨帒椏傪傕偲偵丄擭戙應掕抣傪墖梡偟側偑傜僇僈儎儞壨壓棳堟偺宆幃妛揑曇擭懱宯傪妋棫偟丄廃曈抧堟偵偍偗傞彅暥壔偲偺斾妑尋媶偺婎慴偲偡傞丄

俀乯奓捤傗摯寠堚愓偐傜摼傜傟偨恖岺丒帺慠堚暔帒椏傪傕偲偵丄掅抧傗嶳抧側偳偺堎側傞旝彫娐嫬偵偍偗傞帒尮奐敪偺惗嬈僷僞乕儞偵偮偄偰偺忣曬傪拁愊偡傞丄

俁乯嵟廔揑偵擾峩奐巒埲崀偺摉奩抧堟偵偍偗傞擾峩幮夛丄奓嵦廤幮夛丄庪椔嵦廤幮夛偲偄

偆惗嬈妶摦傪堎偵偡傞彅幮夛娫偺憡屳埶懚娭學偺楌巎揑僾儘僙僗傪夝柧偡傞偙偲偱偁傞丅

擾峩奐巒埲崀丄偙偺抧堟偵偍偗傞愭巎暥壔偺條憡偼旕忢偵暋嶨偱偁傞丅偡側傢偪擾峩幮夛偲奓嵦廤幮夛偑掅抧偱惗嬈傪塩傓堦曽丄嶳抧偱偼恖椶巎揑偵擾峩埲慜偺惗嬈宍懺偱偁傞庪椔丒嵦廤傪塩傓恖乆偑摨帪戙揑偵惗妶偟偰偄傞丅尰嵼椉幰偼岎棳傪偲偆偟偰宱嵪揑丒幮夛揑側乽憡屳埶懚娭學乿傪妋棫偟偰偄傞丅僇僈儎儞廈撪偺庪椔嵦廤柉僀僞傗傾僌僞偺帠椺偵傒傜傟傞傛偆偵丄堎側傞惗嬈妶摦傪攚宨偲偡傞幮夛娫偱尰嵼幚慔偝傟偰偄傞憡屳埶懚娭學偼丄夁嫀偵偍偄偰傕懚嵼偟偰偄偨偲梊憐偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞乮Peterson and Peterson 1977, Griffin and Griffin 1985, Rambo et. al. 1988, Headland and Reid 1989乯丅

夁嫀偐傜尰嵼偵帄傞傑偱偺丄媄弍揑丒宱嵪揑側攚宨傪堎偵偡傞彅幮夛娫偺岎棳傗憡屳埶懚娭學偺偁傝曽傪峫屆妛揑偵夝柧偟偰偄偔偵偼丄峫屆妛挷嵏偱摼傜傟偨堚暔傗堚愓偺帪嬻娫揑暘晍傪帪戙偛偲偵惓偟偔嵞攝抲偡傞昁梫偑偁傞丅摉奩抧堟偺夁嫀偺惗妶偺嵀愓傗娐嫬偺條憡傪帪戙偛偲偵惍棟偟丄惗妶偺塩傒傗帺慠娐嫬偺曄壔偺僷僞乕儞傪偲傜偊傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄堎側偭偨惗嬈婎斦傗幮夛婯斖傪傕偮彅幮夛娫偺憡屳娭學偵敆傞偙偲偑壜擻偲側傞丅偟偐偟偦偺偨傔偵偼峫屆妛偺曽朄偩偗偱偼廫暘偲偼偄偊側偄丅帺慠壢妛偺偝傑偞傑側暘栰偺曽朄傪偼偠傔偲偟偰丄暥壔恖椶妛丄暥專巎妛側偳懠暘栰偵傢偨傞曽朄傪昁梫偲偟偰偄傞丅儔儘奓捤孮挷嵏偱偼擔斾椉崙偺峫屆妛傪偼偠傔偲偡傞丄懡暘栰偵傢偨傞愱栧壠偑嫤椡偟偰挷嵏傪宲懕偟偰偄傞丅

敪孈挷嵏偵傛偭偰摼傜傟偨堚暔傗堚愓偺忣曬偵帪嬻娫偺峀偑傝傗広搙傪梌偊傞曇擭嶌嬈偼丄杮尋媶偺戞堦曕偵埵抲偯偗傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅偟偐偟側偑傜儔儘奓捤孮偺偁傞僇僈儎儞壨壓棳堟偱偼丄擔杮偺傛偆偵峫屆妛偺曇擭嶌嬈偑惍旛偝傟偰偄傞傢偗偱偼側偄丅傓偟傠擔杮偺峫屆妛憂悽婜偝側偑傜偵丄傂偲偮傂偲偮偺堚暔丄堚愓偺愭屻娭學傪憡懳揑偵娭學偯偗偰偄偐側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅偟偐偟憂惗婜偲戝偒偔堎側傞偺偼丄傢傟傢傟偵偼愨懳擭戙偺應掕偑壜擻側偙偲偱偁傞丅應掕偵傛偭偰摼傜傟偨愨懳擭戙偲堚暔偵傛傞憡懳擭戙傪慻傒崌傢偣側偑傜丄僇僈儎儞壨壓棳堟偺抧堟揑曇擭傪峔抸拞偱偁傞丅

堚愓暘晍偲惈奿

丂僇僈儎儞壨偼丄儖僜儞搰杒搶晹傪撿杒栺300km偵傢偨偭偰棳傟丄僶僽儎儞奀嫭偵拲偖丄僼傿儕僺儞桳悢偺壨愳偱偁傞丅偙偺壨偵傛偭偰宍惉偝傟偨僇僈儎儞宬扟偼丄搶傪僔僄儔丒儅僪儗丄惣傪僐儖僨傿儕僄儔丄撿傪僇儔僶儕僆偺奺嶳柆偵埻傑傟偰偄傞丅儔儘奓捤孮偼丄偙偺僇僈儎儞壨偺壓棳堟40km偵揰嵼偡傞丅儔儘偺挰偼16悽婭廔傢傝偵僗儁僀儞恖偑杒晹儖僜儞搰宱塩偺嫆揰傪抸偄偰僰僄僶丒僙僑價傾偲屇偽傟丄19悽婭傑偱偼峀偔摉奩抧堟偺惌帯揑丄宱嵪揑丄廆嫵揑側拞怱偲偟偰塰偊偰偄偨丅

儔儘奓捤孮偼壨岥偐傜僨儖僞偺宍惉偑偼偠傑傞10km慿偭偨抧揰偐傜丄忋棳50km抧揰傑偱偺娫偺僇僈儎儞壨椉娸偵暘晍偟偰偄傞(Fig.1)丅尰嵼傑偱偵妋擣偝傟偰偄傞奓捤偼20儠強埲忋偱丄偦偺婯柾偼丄挿偝500m丄暆100m丄怺偝俀倣埲忋偺戝婯柾側傕偺偐傜丄捈宎10m慜屻偺彫婯柾偺傕偺傑偱偝傑偞傑偱偁傞丅奓捤偺棫抧忦審偵偟偨偑偭偰偦偺暘晍僷僞乕儞傪埲壓偺係偮偵暘椶偡傞偙偲偑壜擻偱偁傞丅

侾乯壨娸偺帺慠掔杊忋丗僇僈儎儞壨偵柺偟偨昗崅栺俇乣俈倣丄壨柺斾崅枮挭帪偱栺俁倣乮姳枮偺嵎1.5倣乯偺帺慠掔杊忋偵埵抲偡傞奓捤孮偱偁傞丅偦偺婯柾偼偄偢傟傕戝偒偔丄嵟戝偺傕偺偱挿偝500m丄暆100m丄怺搙俀倣偵傕媦傇丅偙偺傛偆側戝婯柾奓捤偼俆儠強妋擣偝傟偰偄傞丅偝傜偵偦偺撪俁儠強偺堚愓偱偼尰嵼偱傕奓偺嵦廤偑峴側傢傟偰偍傝丄奓捤偺宍惉偑懕偗傜傟傞丅堚愓傪宍惉偟偰偄傞奓庬偲尰嵼嵦廤偝傟偰偄傞奓庬偲偼傎傏摨偠偱偁傞丅堚暔偼岤庤偺捑慄暥偁傞偄偼柍暥偺崟怓搚婍孮傪拞怱偲偟偰丄拞崙摡帴曅丄杹惢曽妏愇晙曅偑専弌偝傟偰偄傞丅奓埲奜偺帺慠堚暔偵偼棨惐摦暔丒嫑崪偑懡庬偵傢偨偭偰専弌偝傟偰偄傞丅奓憌偺擭戙偵娭偟偰偼Table 1偵採帵偟偨傛偆偵丄僇僞儎儚儞(Catayauan)奓捤偺僐儞僔僜(Conciso)丄僔僜儞(Sison)椉堚愓偺-30乣-145cm怺搙偱957乣1189擭偺妑惓擭戙偑摼傜傟偰偄傞丅

傑偨奓憌壓偺僔儖僩憌傪孈傝崬傫偩丄崟怓搚婍傪暃憭昳偲偡傞怢揥憭曟偑俁堚愓偱専弌偝傟偰偄傞丅暃憭昳偼戜晅偺榪傗彫宆偺酨側偳偺崟怓搚婍傪拞怱偲偟丄榬椫梡偺僈儔僗價乕僘傕弌搚偟偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偺杽憭毈偼偄偢傟傕崟怓搚婍傪暃憭偟丄奓憌捈壓偵宍惉偝傟偰偄傞偙偲偐傜丄奓捤偑宍惉偝傟偰偄偨帪婜偲摨偠暥壔憌偵懏偡傞傕偺偲峫偊傜傟傞丅偟偐偟曟氎撪偐傜偼奓偑専弌偝傟側偄偙偲偐傜丄奓偺攑婞応強偲曟堟傪堄幆揑偵嬫暿偟偰偄偨壜擻惈偑憐掕偱偒傞丅杽憭毈偺擭戙偼2堚愓偱摼傜傟偰偍傝乮僒儞僞儅儕傾(Santa Maria)奓捤僀儕僈僄儞(Irigayen)堚愓丄僇僞儎儚儞奓捤僐儞僔僜堚愓丄Table 1乯丄妑惓擭戙偱1294乣1560擭傪帵偟丄偄偢傟傕奓憌宍惉婜傛傝屆偄擭戙偲側偭偰偄傞丅

丂偝傜偵奓憌壓偺僔儖僩憌偐傜偼柍暥偺愒怓僗儕僢僾搚婍孮偑専弌偝傟偰偄傞丅堚暔偼懠偵傕搚惢帹忺丄杹惢曽妏愇晙曅丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍側偳偑摼傜傟偰偄傞丅攳曅愇婍偺弌搚偼摯寠堚愓偱懡偔妋擣偝傟偰偄傞偑丄壨娸抜媢忋偱偼尰嵼傑偱偵僀儕僈僄儞堚愓偱偺傒悢揰偑妋擣偝傟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟側偑傜墿妼怓偺僔儖僩憌拞偱偼搚怓偵婎偯偔堚峔偺妋擣偼崲擄偱丄愒怓搚婍偺懠偵彮検偺摦暔崪丄扽壔暔偑僔儖僩憌拞偐傜専弌偝傟傞偺傒偱偁傞丅僔儖僩憌拞柍暥愒怓僗儕僢僾搚婍孮偺擭戙偼丄僀儕僈僄儞堚愓偺-80乣-135cm偱2972乣3461擭偺妑惓擭戙偑摼傜傟偰偄傞(Table侾)丅

俀乯撪棨掅抧丗壨娸偐傜栺1km丄昗崅3乣4m偺掅幖抧偵埵抲偡傞奓捤孮偑丄僇僈儎儞壨搶娸偱尰嵼傑偱偵俁儠強妋擣偝傟偰偄傞丅尰嵼偙傟傜偺奓捤偼偄偢傟傕廃埻傪悈揷偵埻傑傟偰偄傞偑丄愇奃娾戜抧偵傕嬤偄丅堚愓斖埻偼宎栺50m丄奓憌抐柺偺娤嶡偐傜怺搙偼2m埲忋偱偁傞丅扺悈嶻擇枃奓偺傎偐偵摦暔崪側偳偺帺慠堚暔偑専弌偝傟偰偄傞偑丄恖岺堚暔偼侾儠強偺奓捤偐傜攳曅愇婍侾揰偑妋擣偝傟偰偄傞偺傒偱偁傞丅偄傑偩敪孈挷嵏偑峴側傢傟偰偄側偄偺偱擭戙偵偮偄偰偼悇應偺堟傪弌側偄偑丄摉奩抧堟偺搚婍弌尰埲慜偵奓捤偑宍惉偝傟丄偦偺屻僇僈儎儞壨偺壂愊嶌梡偱杽杤偟偨壜擻惈偑峫偊傜傟傞丅

俁乯愇奃娾戜抧忋丗僇僈儎儞壨偵柺偟偨昗崅栺50m偺愇奃娾戜抧忋偵埵抲偡傞丅敪孈挷嵏偑峴側傢傟偨儅僈僺僢僩(Magapit)奓捤偼戜抧忋媢椝埰晹偵埵抲偟丄偦偺婯柾偼宎10m丄怺搙5.5倣偱偁傞丅堚暔偼捑慄丄巋撍暥傪傕偮愒怓搚婍傪拞怱偲偟偰丄杹惢曽妏愇晙丄搚惢丒崪惢憰忺昳丄摦暔丒嫑崪摍偑弌搚偟偰偄傞丅儅僈僺僢僩奓捤偺擭戙偼亅1m媦傃亅俀倣弌搚偺扽壔暔俀揰傪帒椏偲偡傞俠14擭戙偑摼傜傟偰偍傝丄偄偢傟傕BP2800擭偲側偭偰偄傞(儅僈僺僢僩奓捤丗2800亇140BP丗N-5396丄 2760亇125BP丗N-5397)丅

係乯愇奃娾媢椝忋丗僇僈儎儞壨搶娸偐傜捈慄偱栺10km偺愇奃娾媢椝忋偵偼摯寠偑暘晍偟偰偄傞丅偙傟傑偱偵敪孈挷嵏偝傟偨儅僶僑僢僌(Mabangog)摯寠撪偺堚暔曪娷憌偵偼丄壨娸奓捤偲摨庬偺奓偑堚暔偲偲傕偵弌搚偡傞偙偲偑妋擣偝傟偰偄傞丅摯寠撪偺搚忞偼昞柺偐傜娾斦傑偱30乣40cm傎偳偟偐宍惉偝傟偰偄側偄偑丄埫妼怓搚偵奓丄柍暥愒怓搚婍丄杹惢曽妏愇晙曅丄僠儍乕僩惢攳曅愇婍側偳偑曪娷偝傟偰偄傞(彫愳1999c)丅

丂儔儘奓捤傪庡懱揑偵宍惉偡傞奓庬偼丄僇價價偲屇偽傟傞扺悈嶻擇枃奓偱偁傞丅偙偺傎偐偵扺悈嶻擇枃奓俀庬丄扺悈嶻姫奓侾庬丄棨嶻姫奓俁庬偑尒傜傟傞丅偙傟傜偺奓偺偆偪扺悈嶻擇枃奓3庬偲扺悈嶻姫奓侾庬偼偄偢傟傕尰嵼嵦廤偝傟丄怘梡偲偝傟偰偄傞乮彫愳1997乯丅

堚愓偺曇擭

儔儘奓捤孮拞丄尰嵼傑偱偵敪孈偝傟偨偺偼11奓捤15堚愓乮壨娸帺慠掔杊忋俋丄愇奃娾戜抧忋侾丄摯寠侾乯偱偁傞丅偙傟傑偱偺敪孈挷嵏偵傛偭偰摼傜傟偨堚暔偲偦偺弌搚憌埵偺娭學傪傕偲偵憡懳曇擭傪峔抸偡傞偙偲偑壜擻偲側偭偰偒偨丅偡側傢偪丄壨娸抜媢忋偺奓捤偐傜偼崟怓搚婍偑弌搚偟丄奓捤偺壓偺僔儖僩憌偐傜偼愒怓搚婍偑弌搚偡傞丅奓憌拞偐傜弌搚偡傞崟怓搚婍偵偼桳暥(慄崗暥)偲柍暥偺傕偺偑偁傞丅桳暥偺崟怓搚婍偼僶僈僢僌(Bangag)奓捤偱尠挊偵弌搚偡傞偑丄偦偺懠偺壨娸抜媢忋奓捤偱偼傎偲傫偳偑柍暥偺崟怓搚婍偱偁傞丅偨偩偟僇僩僁僈儞(Catugan)奓捤偐傜偼桳暥偐傜柍暥傊偺崟怓搚婍偺曄壔偑憌埵揑偵妋擣偝傟偰偄傞(揷拞1997a)丅

丂愒怓搚婍偵娭偟偰偼丄桳暥(楍揰暥)偺傕偺偑壨娸愇奃娾抜媢忋偺儅僈僺僢僩奓捤偐傜尠挊偵弌搚偡傞偑丄壨娸抜媢忋偺僔儖僩憌拞偐傜偼傎偲傫偳偑柍暥偱丄楍揰暥傪傕偮傕偺偑偙傟傑偱偵傢偢偐偵悢揰偟偐妋擣偝傟偰偄側偄丅偙偺傛偆偵愒怓搚婍偺曄壔偵偮偄偰偼丄摨堦堚愓偱憌埵揑偵妋擣偡傞偙偲偑偱偒偰偄側偄偺偑尰忬偱偁傞丅嵟嬤偺暘愅偱偼桳暥丄柍暥偲傕偵愒怓搚婍偼婍宍丄宍惉媄弍丄戀搚丄從惉側偳偵椶帡揰偑懡偄偑丄桳暥偺愒怓搚婍偺傎偆偑柍暥偺傕偺傛傝傕婍庬峔惉偺僶儕僄乕僔儑儞偵晉傫偱偄傞偲偄偆寢壥傪摼偰偄傞丅柍暥偺愒怓搚婍偼壨娸埲奜偵儅僶僑僢僌摯寠偐傜傕弌搚偟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟偙偙偱偼愒怓搚婍偑奓傗攳曅愇婍偲偲傕偵弌搚偟丄壨娸偺堚愓偐傜偺弌搚忬嫷偲堎側偭偰偄傞丅偡側傢偪壨娸偱偼柍暥愒怓搚婍偼僔儖僩憌拞偐傜丄桳暥愒怓搚婍偼奓憌拞偐傜弌搚偡傞偑丄摯寠偱偼柍暥愒怓搚婍偑奓憌拞偐傜弌搚偡傞(彫愳1998, 2000d)丅偙偺傛偆偵儅僶僑僢僌摯寠偺柍暥愒怓搚婍偺弌搚忬嫷偼壨娸堚愓偱偺愒怓搚婍偺偦傟偲陹陾傪偒偨偟偰偄傞偑丄敪孈挷嵏偵傛傞帒椏偺憹壛傪傑偭偰偙偺栤戣傪夝寛偟偨偄丅

丂偙傟傑偱偺尷傜傟偨敪孈挷嵏偵傛傞堚暔偲憌埵偲偺娭學偐傜憡懳揑側曇擭傪巄掕揑偵峔抸偡傞偲偡傟偽埲壓偺傛偆偵峫偊傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅崟怓搚婍偼奓捤偺宍惉偲偲傕偵丄桳暥偐傜柍暥傊偺曄慗傪偨偳傞丅奓捤偑宍惉偝傟傞埲慜偺僔儖僩憌偐傜弌搚偡傞愒怓搚婍偵偮偄偰偼憌埵揑偵偦偺曄壔傪妋擣偟偰偄側偄偑丄巄掕揑偵桳暥偐傜柍暥傊偺曄慗傪憐掕偟偰偒偨(彫愳1998, 2000d)丅
丂偙傟傜偺憡懳曇擭偲崱夞摼傜傟偨擭戙應掕偺寢壥(Table 1)傪斾妑偟偰傒傞偲丄怴偨側栤戣傪尒弌偡偙偲偑偱偒傞丅傑偢儔儘奓捤孮拞嵟屆偲憐掕偟偰偄偨儅僈僺僢僩奓捤桳暥愒怓搚婍偺C14擭戙2800BP偑丄2972乣3461擭偺妑惓擭戙傪傕偮僒儞僞儅儕傾奓捤僀儕僈僄儞堚愓偺柍暥愒怓搚婍孮偲媡揮偡傞揰偱偁傞丅偙偺揰偵偮偄偰偼偙傟傑偱偺儅僈僺僢僩奓捤偺C14擭戙應掕抣偺惛搙偑峳偄偨傔丄崱堦搙丄摨條偺惛搙偱帒椏傪應掕偟丄嵞搙斾妑専摙偡傞昁梫偑惗傑傟偰偒偨丅崟怓搚婍偵偮偄偰偼桳暥偐傜柍暥傊偺曄慗偑憌埵揑偵妋擣偝傟偰偄傞偑丄C14擭戙偺應掕抣偼摼傜傟偰偄側偄丅傑偨偙傟傜壨娸偺堚愓偲儅僶僑僢僌摯寠偺愒怓搚婍偲偺娭學傕擭戙應掕偵傛偭偰妋擣偡傞昁梫偑偁傞丅

丂埲忋偺傛偆側栤戣揰偼丄崱屻偺敪孈挷嵏偺寢壥傪傑偨側偔偰偼側傜側偄偑丄偦傟偼峫屆堚暔偺挷嵏偺傒偱偼側偔丄僇僈儎儞壨壓棳堟偺屆抧宍偺曄慗丄擾峩L嵦廤櫂J霔楼嵦廤側偳偺惗嬈偲娐嫬夵曄偲偺娭學側偳偺忣曬傪妉摼偱偒傞傛偆側挷嵏僨僓僀儞偵婎偯偒丄杮尋媶傪宲懕偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰壜擻偲側傞丅擭戙應掕偼偦偺婎慴揑側棤晅偗偱偁傞偙偲偼尵偆傑偱傕側偄丅

暥專栚榐

惵桍梞帯 (Aoyagi,Y.)

1977 乽尋媶巎丒儖僜儞搰媦傃偦偺廃曈彅搰偺峫屆妛乿亀擔杮柉懓偲崟挭暥壔亅崟挭偺屆戙巎彉愢亁崟挭暥壔偺夛曇丂妏愳慖彂91: 187-199 (Archaeology of Luzon and its adjacent area. Black Current Culture Study Group (ed.) Japanese and Black Current Culture-Introduction to the Prehistoric Culture of Black Current-. Kadokawa Books. In Japanese)

1979 乽儖僜儞搰偺屆戙巎扵朘乿亀怴丒奀忋偺摴亅崟挭偺屆戙巎扵朘亅亁崟挭暥壔偺夛曇丄妏愳慖彂103: 108-125 . (Prehistoric Survey of the Luzon Island. New Maritime Road. In Japanese)

1983 General Survey in Northern Luzon. In Shirakihara, K. (ed.) Batan Island and Northern Luzon: 69-87, 116-119, 157-161. University of Kumamoto.

惵桍梞帯丒揷拞榓旻 (Aoyagi, Y. and K. Tanaka)

1985 乽僇僈儎儞愳棳堟偺奓捤搚婍傪傔偖傞擇丄嶰偺栤戣乿亀忋抭傾僕傾妛亁3: 81-129 (On the Pottery from Shell Middens in the Lower Cagayan River, Journal of Sophia Asian Studies 3:81-129. In Japanese.)

惵桍梞帯丒M. L. Aguilera, Jr.丒彫愳塸暥丒揷拞榓旻 (Aoyagi, Aguilera, Ogawa and Tanaka)

1986 乽僇僈儎儞愳壓棳堟偺奓捤乿亀忋抭傾僕傾妛亁4: 45-91 (Shell Middens in the Lower Cagayan River. Journal o Sophia Asian Studies 4:45-91. In Japanese)

1988 乽儔儘奓捤孮偺敪孈乿亀忋抭傾僕傾妛亁6: 63-104 (Excavations of Lal-lo Shell Middens. Journal of Sophia Asian Studies 6:63-104. In Japanese)

1989 乽儔儘奓捤孮偺敪孈俀乿亀忋抭傾僕傾妛亁7: 101-131 (Excavations of Lal-lo Shell Middens(2). Journal of Sophia Asian Studies7: 101-131. In Japanese)

1991 乽儔儘奓捤孮偺敪孈俁乿亀忋抭傾僕傾妛亁9: 49-137 (Excavations o Lal-lo Shell Middens(3). Journal of Sophia Asian

Studies 9:49-137. In Japanese)

Aoyagi, Y., H. Ogawa and K. Tanaka

1998 Excavation, and Ornaments Discovered at the Magapit Shell-midden Site, in Northern Luzon.亀忋抭傾僕傾妛亁15: 167-180.

Bautista, A,

1996a Animal/Human Remains from Bangag I, Lal-lo, Cagayan. Typescript, National Museum, Manila.

1996b Animal Remains from Dombrique Site, Catugan, Lal-lo, Cagayan. Typescript, National Museum, Manila.

1996c Field Report on Lal-lo Archaeology Project, August-September 1996. Typescript, National Museum, Manila.

1997 Zooarchaeological materials from Bangag Archaeological Site. Typescript, National Museum, Manila.

Cabanilla , I.

1972 Neolithic Shellmpund of Cagayan: The Lal-lo Excavation. National Museum of the Philippines. Field Report

De la Torre, A.

1995 Brief Report: The Lal-lo, Cagayan Archaeological Project 1995. Type script, National Museum, Manila.

1996 Brief Report: Cagayan Valley Archaeological Project, Santa Maria, Lal-lo, Cagayan from February 7 to March 3, 1996. Typescript, National Museum, Manila.

1997 Rapid Cave Assessment Report of Mabangog Cave located at San Mariano, Lal-lo, Cagayan. Typescript, National Museum, Manila.

2000 Preliminary Report of the Lal-lo, Cagayan, Archaeology Project: Clemente Irigayen Property Site (II-1995-O), Santa Maria, Lal-lo, Cagayan.亀搶撿傾僕傾峫屆妛(Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology)亁20

Garong, A. M.

1996a A Report on the Archaeological Excavation in Fausto Sison Sr., Shell Midden Site in Barangay Catayauan, Lal-lo, Cagayan. Typescript, National Museum, Manila.

1996b Progress Report on the 1996 Archaeological Excavation of the Conciso Property Shell Midden Site in Brangay Catayauan, Lal-lo, Cagayan. Typescript, National Museum, Manila.

Griffin, P. B. and A. Estioko-Griffin (eds.)

1985 The Agta of Northeastern Luzon. Cebu: San Carlos University. Press

Ogawa, H. and M. L. Aguilera, Jr.

1992 Data Report on the Archaeological Explorations on the Lower Cagayan River, Northern Luzon, Philippines.亀崙巑娳戝妛廆嫵丒暥壔尋媶強婭梫 (Journal of Institute of Religion and Culture) 亁10: 41-114

彫愳塸暥乮Ogawa, H.乯

1996a 亀庪椔嵦廤柉僱僌儕僩偺峫屆妛亅嫟惗娭學偑採婲偡傞彅栤戣亅亁丄僗僠儏傾乕僩僿儞儕(曇)亀嵦廤庪椔柉偺尰嵼亁丗183-222, 尵憄幮 (Archaeology of the Negrito Hunter-Gatherers - the archaeological problems on the Symbiotic, Interdependent relationships between Hunter-gatherers and Farmers. In Henry Stuart (ed.) Gatherer-Hunter, Today. : 183-222. Tokyo: Gensosha. In Japanese)

1996b 寭靸A僕傾峫屆妛傊偺彽懸A媑懞嶌帯曇亀悽奅峫屆妛亁丗65-108丄桳斻妕 (Introduction to Southeast Asian Archaeology. In S. Yoshimura (ed.) World Archaeology: 65-108. Tokyo: Yuhikaku. In Japanese)

1997 L捤峖悈揱愢亅僼傿儕僺儞丄儖僜儞搰杒晹僇僈儎儞壨壓棳堟偵偍偗傞奓嵦廤柉偺柉懓峫屆妛� 亀搶撿傾僕傾峫屆妛亁17:119-166 (Shell Midden was made by the Noachian Deluge.-Ethnoarchaeology of the Shell Middens and Shell Gatherers in the Lower Cagayan River, Northern Luzon, Philippines-. Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology 17: 119-166. In Japanese)

1998 Problems and Hypotheses on the Prehistoric Lal-lo, Northern Luzon, Philippines - Archaeological Study on the Prehistoric Interdependence between Hunter-Gatherers and Farmers in the Tropical Rain Forest -亀搶撿傾僕傾峫屆妛(Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology)亁18: 123-166

1999a 寭靸A僕傾偲擔杮偺奓捤偺斾妑w婫姧峫屆妛亁66: 29-34 (The Comparison between Southeast Asian and Japanese Shell Midden Sites. Quaternary Journal of Archaeology 66: 29-34. In Japanese)

1999b l屆妛幰偑採帵偡傞庪椔嵦廤幮夛僀儊乕僕w柉懓妛尋媶亁63-2: 192-202 (Archaeologist乫s Image Representation of Hunter-Gatherers in Southeast Asia. The Japanese Journal of Ethnology 63-2: 192-202. In Japanese)

1999c Excavation of the Mabangog Cave, San Mariano, Lal-lo, Cagayan, Philippines.亀搶撿傾僕傾峫屆妛 (Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology) 亁19: 93-114.

1999d ⿷R偲惗嬈銙q戝妛傾僕傾暥壔尋媶強曇亀怴斉擖栧搶撿傾僕傾尋媶亁: 23-35丄傔偙傫 (Natural Settings and Subsistence of Southeast Asia. In Institute of Asian Cultures, Sophia University (ed.) Introduction to Southeast Asian Studies, new edition: 23-35. Tokyo: Mekong. In Japanese)

1999e丂寭靸A僕傾敪孈偺楌巎偲峫屆妛偺壽戣A媑懞嶌帯曇亀搶撿傾僕傾偺壺傾儞僐乕儖{儘僽僪僁乕儖亁: 75-89丄暯杴幮 (Southeast Asian Archaeology – its history and issues. In S. Yoshimura (ed.) Ankhor and Borobdur. Tokyo: Heibonsha. In Japanese.)

2000a 霔聧虖W 幮夛偲擾峩幮夛偺岎棳亅憡屳娭學偺帇妏亅A彫愳塸暥曇亀岎棳偺峫屆妛亁: 266-295丄娾嶈戩栫娔廋亀僔儕乕僘尰戙偺峫屆妛亁戞5姫丄挬憅彂揦 (Prehistoric Interactions between Hunter-Gatherers and Farmers- special reference to the Interdependency. In H. Ogawa (ed.) Archaeology of Interactions. (Archaeology Today Series Vol. 5), Tokyo: Asakura Shoten. In Japanese).

2000b 崢_ 岎棳峫屆妛偺壜擻惈A彫愳塸暥曇亀岎棳偺峫屆妛亁: 1-20丄娾嶈戩栫娔廋亀僔儕乕僘尰戙偺峫屆妛亁戞5姫丄挬憅彂揦 (Introduction - Perspectives in Archaeology of Interaction. In H. Ogawa (ed.) Archaeology of Interactions. (Archaeology Today Series Vol. 5), Tokyo: Asakura Shoten. In Japanese).

2000c 霔聧虖W柉Ai僔儑僫儕僘儉A稏荆丄埨惸惓恖曇亀梡岅夝愢尰戙峫屆妛偺曽朄偲棟榑III亁: 131-141, 187-198, 227-234, 摨惉幮 ( Hunter-Gatherers, Nationalism, Civilization. In M. Anzai (ed.) Method and Theory in Archaeology Today Vol.3: 131-141, 187-198, 227-234. Tokyo: Dohseisha, In Japanese).

2000d (ed.) 亀儔儘奓捤孮偺敪孈挷嵏亅搶撿傾僕傾搰涀晹愭巎帪戙偺峫屆妛揑挷嵏亅Excavation of the Lal-lo Shell Middens亁269 pages丄暥晹徣壢妛尋媶旓曬崘彂 (Report for the Grant-in-Aid for International Scientific Research (Field Research) of The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture (Monbusho), In English).

Orogo, A.

1980 The Archaeological Excavation at the Cortez Site, Camalaniugan, Cagayan. National Museum of the Philippines. Field Report.

1995 Preliminary Report: Result: Result of Archaeological Exploration and Excavation conducted at Lal-lo, Cagayan Province, July 28 to August 26, 1995. Typescript, National Museum, Manila.

Peterson, J. T. and W. Peterson.

1977 Implications of Contemporary and Prehistoric Exchange Systems. In Allen, J., J. Golson and R. Jones (eds.) Sunda and Sahul, New York: Academic Press.

Headland, T. N. and L. A. Reid

1989 Hunter-Gatherers and their Neighbors from Prehistory to the Present. Current Anthropology 30-1:43-66.

Rambo, A. T., K. Gillogy and K. L. Hutterer (eds.)

1988 Ethnic Diversity and the Control of Natural Resources in Southeast Asia. Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia No. 32. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Ronquillo, W.

1981 The Technological and Functional Analysis of the Lithic Flake Tools from Rabel Cave, Northern Luzon, Philippines. Anthropological Paper No.13. Manila: National Museum of the Philippines.

Ronquillo, W. and R. Santiago

1977 Archaeological Caves and Open Sites Exploration at Penablanca, Cagayan Province. National Museum of the Philippines. Field Report.

Snow , B. A. and R. Shutler, Jr.

1985 The Archaeology of Fuga Moro Island. Cebu: San Carlos University Press.

揷拞榓旻(Tanaka , K.)

1996 媰\儞搰杒晹偵偍偗傞曽妏愇晙偵敽偆搚婍偺専摙乕捑慄偵傛傞楢懕旽宍暥搚婍偺専摙乕w搶撿傾僕傾峫屆妛亁16: 149-160丂(The Typological Analysis of the Pottery associated with the Quadrangular Stone Adzes excavated in Northern Luzon - The analysis of the pottery with the incised diamond pattern and a circular impression in each diamond pattern-. Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology 16: 149-160. In Japanese)

1997a J僩僁僈儞奓捤偺敪孈挷嵏w搶撿傾僕傾峫屆妛亁17: 210-225丂(Preliminary Report of the Excavation of Catugan Shell-midden, Lal-lo Cagayan, Philippines. Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology 17:210-225. In Japanese)

1997b The Kite Photography of Bangag I Shell-midden Site, Lal-lo, Cagayan, Philippines. Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology 17:197-209.

1998a Preliminary Report of the Archaeological Excavation of Catugan Shell-midden (Dombrique Site), Lal-lo, Cagayan, Philippines. 亀愮梩宧垽抁婜戝妛弶摍嫵堢壢婭梫亁20: 149-177

1998b T儞丒儘儗儞僜III奓捤(僔儕僶儞堚愓)偺敪孈挷嵏偲偦偺栤戣w搶撿傾僕傾峫屆妛亁18: 263-289

1998c Problems and Excavation of San Lorenzo III Shell Midden (Siriban Site), Lal-lo, Cagayan, Philippines. Bulletin of Showa Academia Musicae 18: 109-135.

1998d 媰\儞搰杒晹丄儔儘奓捤孮丄僶僈僢僌I奓捤偺敪孈挷嵏偲庒姳偺栤戣w忋抭傾僕傾妛亁16: 171-211

1998e 媰\儞搰杒晹丄僇僈儎儞愳拞棳堟丄僒儞僞}儕傾挰丄僉僫價僈儞懞偺搚婍嶌傝w娐嫬忣曬尋媶亁6: 123-152

1999a t傿儕僺儞丄儔儘奓捤亅嫄戝奓捤偺敪孈偲惉壥w婫姧峫屆妛亁66: 75-78

1999b The Archaeological Excavation of Bangag I Shell Midden, Lal-lo, Cagayan, Philippines. 亀搶撿傾僕傾峫屆妛(Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology)亁19: 71-92

2000 穻棗饒諅苾t傿儕僺儞掅抧幮夛偺幮夛摑崌夁掱A彫愳塸暥曇亀岎棳偺峫屆妛亁丄娾嶈戩栫娔廋亀僔儕乕僘尰戙偺峫屆妛亁戞5姫丄挬憅彂揦 (Long Distance Trade and Process of Social Integration in the Philippine Lowland Society. In H. Ogawa (ed.) Archaeology of Interactions. (Archaeology Today Series Vol. 5), Tokyo: Asakura Shoten. In Japanese).

旙愹妜僯(Toizumi, T.)

1999 �Batissa childreni偺婫愡揑惉挿僷僞乕儞偲巰朣婫愡嵏掕偺壜擻惈(梊嶡)w搶撿傾僕傾峫屆妛亁19: 57-69.

Identification of the Seasonal Growth Pattern and Death Season of Batissa childreni. Journal of Southeast Asian

Archaeology 19: 57-69.

Thiel, B.

1980 Subsistence Change and Continuity in Southeast Asian Prehistory. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois.

1989 Excavations at the Lal-lo Shellmiddens, Northern Luzon, Philippines. Asian Perspectives XXVII, No.1: 71-94.

1990 Excavations at Arku Cave, Northern Luzon, Philippines. Asian Perspectives XXVII, No.2: 229-264.

Archaeological Research on the Lal-lo Shell Middens and

Chronological Context of the Sites.

Hidefumi Ogawa

Dept. of Philippine Studies, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies

Lal-lo shell midden sites are located on the riverbank of lower Cagayan River, extending from the mouth of the river on the northern coast of Luzon Island for a distance of 40 kilometers upriver. These shell middens are categorized into four groups by its geological location; 1) riverbank shell middens, five to eight meters above M.S.L. (Dummon, Gattaran Centro Sur, Aggunetan, Aguiguican, Bangag, San Lorenzo, Alaguia, Catugan, Santa Maria, Catayauan, Tucalana, Lal-lo Centro, Dugo, Camalaniugan Cenro), 2) inland shell middens, one to two kilometers east from river bank, seven to eight meters above M.S.L. (Bagumbayan, Dalaya, Catayauan II), 3) on the limestone hill beside the river, 50 meters above M.S.L. (Magapit, Bangag II), 4) limestone hill cave, four kilometers away from river bank, 40 meters above M.S.L. (Mabangog). These shell middens are formed predominantly by one freshwater bivalve shell, locally called Kabibi (possibly, Batisa childreni). Other shell species from middens are two freshwater bivalves, three freshwater conical shells and land snails.

Cultural materials revealed from those sites can be classified also by these geological settings. The riverbank shell middens produce the black pottery with and without decoration. The riverbank sites also produce the cultural materials under the shell deposit, the silty clay layer. From the silty clay layer, the red pottery without decoration can be revealed. The inland shell middens don乫t produce pottery, and so far, we collected limited numbers of stone flakes and its core. The limestone hill shell midden, Magapit site produces the red pottery with decoration. The cave site, Mabangog Cave is also formed with shell deposit, and produces the chert and andesite flakes and red pottery without decoration.

By these excavations of the sites, it becomes clear that the potteries can be divided at least into four types. The chronological sequence of different pottery types in this research area could be as following;

1. Red-slipped pottery with decorations (Red I): Magapit sites, from shell middens of riverbank sites 仺

2. Red-slipped pottery without decorations (Red II): from silty clay layer under the shell midden of riverbank

sites 仺

3. Black pottery with decoration (Black I): Bangag and Catugan site, from shell middens of riverbank sites 仺

4. Black pottery without decorations (Black II): from shell middens of riverbank sites

The results of C14 datings recently acquired (Table 1) present some crucial issues on the chronological sequence of Lal-lo Shell Middens. It was supposed that the cultural sequence of Lal-lo shell middens began from Red I of Magapit site and it has changed to Red II in the silty clay layer of riverbank sites. The C14 date of Magapit site acquired in late 80乫s indicates 2800BP (2800亇140BP丗N-5396). The recent results of C14 dates indicate the inversion of this sequence. The calibrated C14 dates from the Red II cultural layer indicate the dates from 2972 to 3461BP. The redate of Magapit site with the same accuracy of C14 dating will resolve the reverse problem of the sequence.